Advanced Distribution Automation
The notions of intelligent and automated power systems have gained cur-rency in recent years. All over the world increasing attention is being paid to smart grids. New circuit topologies, new monitoring and control equipment, and new automation devices will be necessary, which would allow better monitoring, control, maintenance and simulation of the electrical distribution system. But the advent of integrated sensor and monitoring systems for Advanced Distribution Automation raise a lot of questions concerning the integration and strategic use of such new intelligent devices. Will it be an incremental or evolutionary change or a radical shift? What could be in for me? What about the business case?
The forces for change acting on the distribution system are driven by con-sumers, technology and the overall business environment. Considerable change in utility environments is expected in the next years including con-sumer demand for improved reliability, changing consumer load character-istics, higher marginal cost of losses, and increased distributed resources.
| 1 | Advanced Distribution Automation | 7 |
| 1.1 | Customer Requirements for Power Quality Assurance | 7 |
| 1.2 | Network Operator Requirements | 8 |
| 1.2.1 | Flexibility / Agility | 9 |
| 1.2.2 | Adaptiveness / Awareness | 10 |
| 1.2.3 | Better Operational Performance | 11 |
| 2 | MV-Networks | 13 |
| 2.1 | Network Configurations | 18 |
| 2.2 | Radial Systems | 19 |
| 2.3 | Looped Systems | 21 |
| 2.3.1 | Ring Main Units | 22 |
| 2.3.2 | Loop-primary system - radial secondary system | 24 |
| 2.3.3 | Primary selective system - secondary radial | 24 |
| 2.3.4 | Two source primary - secondary selective system | 24 |
| 3 | Power Delivery Operations | 27 |
| 3.1 | Operational Planning and Optimization | 31 |
| 3.1.1 | Network Utilisation and Constrained-based Network Operations | 33 |
| 3.1.2 | Load Flow Monitoring and Assessment of Load Capability | 34 |
| 3.1.3 | State Estimation | 36 |
| 3.1.4 | Corrective Actions and Network Reconfiguration | 37 |
| 3.1.5 | Streamlining design and operation principles | 38 |
| 3.1.6 | Overall Capacity Planning | 40 |
| 3.2 | Voltage Regulation | 44 |
| 3.2.1 | Voltage regulator | 45 |
| 3.2.2 | Tap control | 45 |
| 3.2.3 | Capacitors | 45 |
| 4 | Technology and Market | 48 |
| 4.1 | Remote control and Distribution SCADA | 48 |
| 4.2 | Selected Vendors for Digital Controls | 48 |
| 4.2.1 | ABB | 49 |
| 4.2.2 | AREVA | 49 |
| 4.2.3 | BPL Global | 50 |
| 4.2.4 | Dranetz | 51 |
| 4.2.5 | Eberle | 51 |
| 4.2.6 | Haag | 52 |
| 4.2.7 | Horstmann | 52 |
| 4.2.8 | Lindsey | 53 |
| 4.2.9 | Nortech | 53 |
| 4.2.10 | Nortroll | 53 |
| 4.2.11 | MX Electricx | 54 |
| 4.2.12 | PowerSense | 55 |
| 4.2.13 | Schneider Electric | 55 |
| 4.2.14 | Siemens | 56 |
| 4.2.15 | Tollgrade | 56 |
| 5 | Use Cases | 58 |
| 5.1 | France | 58 |
| 5.1.1 | Network Design | 59 |
| 5.1.2 | Protection | 62 |
| 5.1.3 | Voltage Control | 62 |
| 5.1.4 | Power quality | 63 |
| 5.2 | Germany | 64 |
| 5.3 | Italy | 65 |
| 5.3.1 | Network Design | 67 |
| 5.3.2 | Power Quality | 67 |
| 5.4 | Spain | 68 |
| 5.5 | UK | 69 |
| 5.5.1 | Voltage Control | 72 |
| 5.5.2 | Auto-Switching | 73 |
